Dariusz Stankowski
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Interlocutor biogram
Dariusz Stankowski was born, as Dawid Szternbach, in 1919 in Chyrów in, what is today, Ukraine. He lived in nearby Smolnica village. His father was a timber trader, while his mother ran a model Jewish home. He had four siblings. Of his entire family, only his eldest brother and sister survived Shoah. His brother had hidden in Sanok and his sister had emigrated to Palestine in 1935.
Following the outbreak of war, Dariusz Stankowski was called up into the Russian Army and, for two years, fought in the Crimea. In 1942, he was accused of attempted anti-Soviet sabotage and of expressing views inappropriate for a Russian soldier. He was sentenced to death, which was then commuted to ten years in a Siberian gulag labour camp, without the possibility of return.
After transport in very harsh conditions, during which half of the prisoners died, he found himself in a place called Iwdelłag (a labour camp in Iwdel in the Caucasus). For ten years, except for Sundays and Soviet holidays, he worked in frosty conditions cutting timber in a boreal forest. In order to receive 700 grams of bread each evening, he was required to cut and process sixteen pine trees.
When he was released after ten years, he was employed by a Leningrad-based iron-ore mining concern. From being a technician, he was promoted to the prestigious position of pilot. His life began to go well – he married, built a large, comfortable home and had two sons.
He made contact with his brother who had survived and, at his instigation, in 1959, he returned to Poland and settled in Szczecin.
As a result of the Match 1968 antisemitic campaign, his sons left for Israel. His wife had died less than a year earlier.
In 1971, Dariusz Stankowski married again. He did not maintain any Jewish traditions and did not speak of his Jewish origins. Despite that, his son from his second marriage, as an adult, converted to Judaism and gives his children a Jewish education.
Recording summary
- His place of birth and residence – Chyrów, Smolnica and the surrounding area; his father’s work – trading in timber; 00:00:00
- His family situation – the need to help his parents when all his siblings had left home; his sister leaving for Palestine in 1935; 00:03:31
- His education in elementary school and later learning at home with a private tutor; 00:06:05
- The Smolnica community; three Jewish families visiting the synagogue in Smolnica; the operating of a small synagogue in the private apartment of one Jewish family; 00:08:44
- His family’s religious level of observance, observing kashrut; preparing for Jewish holidays; 00:11:00
- Observing Yom Kippur; 00:17:16
- Describing the baking of bread in the oven; 00:19:34
- His brother Edward hiding with a Jewish family; Edward working in a dental practice in Sanok; Edward being warned, by a German co-worker, of the imminent liquidation of the Sanok Jews; 00:23:25
- A propaganda film on how to kill Jews; 00:25:12
- His mother’s Baligrod origins; his father’s United States origins; discovering that his parents came together via a matchmaker; 00:29:49
- Looking at photographs of his mother, aunt and uncle; 00:34:00
- His uncle encouraging his brother and his family to move to the United States; 00:34:40
- Chis childhood daily life; 00:36:40
- His best friend’s family and home; his friendship with Zbyszek 00:39:33
- Not assigning any importance to his origins and religion; 00:46:28
- The friendly relation amongst neighbours in Smolnica; 00:47:56
- The place where Jews were ship near Smolnica; 00:51:00
- Messages passed on by his mother and his brother in hiding; his regret that his mother did not hide with his mother; the shooting of his mother and younger sister; 00:53:52
- His mother’s family, she was one of ten daughters, meeting his mother’s brother and two sisters in America, they emigrated to America before the War; 00:55:25
- Speaking Polish at home; the Polish fluency of his sister who had emigrated to Palestine before the War; 00:59:54
- Fleeing, on a bicycle, from the approaching front; plans to cross the Rumanian border; preparing to escape; exchanging food for cigarettes; joining friends to escape; finding shelter with a forest-ranger friend and listening to radio messages; changing his plans and heading east; the theft of the bicycles and their recovery with the help of the Russian police; 01:03:29
- Coincidentally meeting his brother Józef, who had been released from military service in Stryj; 01:21:31
- Returning home together and the emotional reunion with his parents; 01:26:05
- His need to find work – working as a cashier in a mill and work as a tax inspector; 01:29:25
- His conscription into the army and his military service in Crimea; 01:35:05
- Waiting for the court sentence; the death penalty; commuting the sentence to being transports to a Siberia labour camp; 01:37:45
- The road to Siberia – crossing the mined Black Sea and Kuban River by barge; one and a half months train journey in very harsh conditions, in the freezing cold, almost without food and water; 01:41:05
- Licking icicles and eating frozen sugar beet by prisoners during the train journey; the first proper meal after one and a half months; the prisoners’ very harsh conditions; one regular meal each week; 01:46:50
- Another journey; reaching the camp in Iwdel; beginning work at the camp; the prisoners’ work being organised by the NKVD; division into forest work brigades; 01:52:05
- Organising work in the forests; the need to cut down fifteen trees in order to receive 700 grams of bread; the feelings associated with hard labour; 01:56:25
- Working conditions – working in the freezing cold without gloves; living in constant exhaustion; 02:00:50
- His breakdown after five years of work, when some prisoners were released; a feeling of hopelessness, suicidal thoughts, plans to injure his hands; 02:04:02
- Being sent to solitary confinement; 02:08:48
- Being released without any money, documents or clothes; his stay with an elderly lady and finding work mining iron ore; 02:13:00
- Taking a mining course, promotion to aircraft pilot; being pleased and satisfied with his prestigious work; 02:15:43
- Deciding to return to Poland, meeting his future wife; 02:18:47
- His family’s good living conditions, building his home; the road to Poland via Moscow and shopping in Moscow; 02:22:00
- Organising the Leningrad iron ore mining expedition, memories of hunting; 02:26:18
- His lack of fear following his wartime and camp experiences; 02:30:29
- The aimlessness of life in the camp – his suicidal thoughts and feelings of hopelessness, 02:32:50
- The diversity of prisoners in the camp; 02:35:00
- His lack of observing Jewish holidays after the War and distancing himself from his religion; 02:37:00
- The circumstances under which he discovered that his eldest brother was alive and making contact with him; telling his brother of his family’s good life; 02:40:00
- His awareness that his family had perished during the War; writing letters to his friends from Siberia; 02:42:47
- The wartime fate of members of his family; 02:44:34
- Correspondence with a friend from Smolnica; 02:46:35
- Arriving in Poland in 1959; 02:47:55
- His physical strength and toughness; 02:50:30
- Life in Szczecin – his apartment, his work; 02:53:15
- The Jewish community in Szczecin, little time to meet people, going dancing or to the cinema with his wife on Friday evenings, making friends with one particular family; 02:57:30
- The atmosphere during the 1968 antisemitic campaign; the possibility of emigrating to Denmark and Sweden; 03:00:05
- His sons leaving for Israel; his feelings about them leaving; preparing for departure; his sons in Israel; 03:02:00
- A lack in a belief in God following his wartime and camp experiences; his Catholic wife’s attitude towards religion; 03:06:22
- Meeting his current wife in a sanitorium and the development of their relationship; becoming pregnant and marriage; 03:08:20
- His son’s lack of awareness of his father’s history; 03:21:55
- The circumstances surrounding his son’s conversion to Judaism; He and his son’s trip to Israel; 03:25:32
- His and his wife’s reaction to their son’s Judaism; their son delving deeper into Judaism and his studying Torah; 03:27:00
- Their concern about the correctness of their son’s conversion to Judaism; 03:34:25
- Changing his first name and surname upon returning to Poland at the urging of his brother; the story of his brother’s stay in a monastery in Przemyśl; 03:36:06
- The raising of his son’s children; 03:38:25
- Connections with organisations and institutions, Chabad, Shabbats, his friend, salary criticism, membership of the Jewish community; 03:44:40
- Distancing himself from the idea that his grandson would become a rabbi; 03:48:48
- An invitation for Purim from the Chabad Lubavitch rabbi; celebrating Purim before the War and now; 03:53:05
- The religious observance of his son and daughter-in-law; 03:56:04